The Effects Of Bereavement And Loss On Older People

Person A within my placement at a residential home had just received bad news that her sister had died within the month of November. Observing their behaviour on a weekly basis while I was at work allowed me to interpret and analyse how their behaviour changed and when they experienced stress due to this loss. Bereavement and loss can have a major impact on older people, they are coping with the decline and death of close family members and friends but however they themselves are probably experiencing losses for example changes in their identity, status, relationship, lifestyles, independence and even energy. This loss of a loved one had a profound effect on the individual due to the bond they had as sisters, they relied on each other, they trusted each other when this bond is broke it can cause severe distress. This individual suffering the loss and bereavement became isolated and confined themselves to their room, and they neglected their personal care becoming more dependent howev er before this loss they were entirely independent. They became emotional and tended to cry and yearn for their loved one, or they were frustrated and agitated as they couldn’t cope with the difficulties, they experienced the feeling of anger or guilt from thinking they could have done more or they felt responsible. Through observing this individuals behaviour from experiencing bereavement and loss there are several stages an individual can go through, Bowlby’s Attachment Theory argues that theseShow MoreRelatedWomen And Population Women883 Words   |  4 PagesThe number of Americans older than 65 will double from over 40 million in 2014 (Shear et al., 2014) to almost 80 million in 2040 (West, Cole, Goodkind, He, 2014), representing over 20% of the total population (see Figure 1). In 2014, of those over 65, 50% of women and 10% of men have lost a spouse; cumulatively losing three times this number of siblings and nine times the number of friends (Holland, Futterman, Thompson, Moran, Gallagher-Thompson, 2013). Women outnumbered men by 3.6 million inRead MoreEssay How the Elderly Cope with the Death of a Spouse1032 Words   |  5 Pagesa better place, instead of a loss can cause relatives to celebrate. This is usually the case when the cause of death is natural. When death of a spouse is because of a traumatic event, love ones are left with many questions that they can live with for the rest of their lives. We may continue to live normal lives once the emotional pain is suppressed. I use the term suppress, because it is not clear that anyone ever gets over the death of a loved one. Bereavement in the elderly can cause theRead MoreThe Effects Of A Supportive Therapy ( Nst ) And Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1611 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough some research has been done on the effects of both Nondirective Supportive Therapy (NST) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), there is a lack of research specifically on the Latino community and ber eavement services. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine how useful CBT is on treating the effects of grief in Latinos during the bereavement process within the first year after the loss of a loved one. The hypothesis to test is, that individuals that are treated with CBT isRead MoreThe Literature On Anticipated Vs. Unanticipated Death And Their Corresponding Coping Skills1494 Words   |  6 PagesStates alone, over 2.6 million people die each year (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015). For practitioners, it is of utmost importance to better understand the process of grief to develop better interventions for bereaved individuals. Death can be divided into two broad categories: anticipated and unanticipated. As cited in Bouchal, Rallison, Moules, and Sinclair (2015), Aldrich (1974) defines anticipatory grief (AG) as â€Å"any grief occurring prior to a loss, as distinguished from theRead MoreHow Children Develop Social Relationships During The Course Of Their Life1094 Words   |  5 Pageswith carers Infants appear to have an in built tendency to interact with carers. By 2 months they may start to smile at human faces. At 3 months they will respond when adults talk. At 5 months infants can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people, they make their first relationships as they form an emotional attachment to carers in the later stages of infancy, infants will play alongside other children (parallel play). 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Elderly living aloneRead MoreThe Various Types Of Transitions1715 Words   |  7 PagesThe 4 types of transitions are †¢ Emotional - personal experiences such as parent s separating, bereavement, beginning or leaving a place of care. †¢ Physical - change in environments †¢ Intellectual - maturation, moving from one educational establishment to another. †¢ Physiological - puberty or medical conditions. Moving into a new nursery or classroom is a big transition for children like getting a new teacher, class mates, class, new room and way of working. New faces, unknown personalities, lackRead MoreTheories of Aging Essay1565 Words   |  7 Pagesstudies of older people and explain the development that occurs in older life, relating back to the theories I will have discussed. Firstly the theory of Social Disengagement, disengagement means a person’s withdrawal from involvement with anything. The theory was first put forward by two authors Cumming and Henry in 1961 who believed that it was natural for the elderly to withdraw from social involvement with others, due to having restricted opportunities to interact with other people. There areRead MoreThe Loss Of A Loved One1719 Words   |  7 PagesThe loss of a loved one is one of the most difficult experiences to endure in a human lifetime. The grieving process often encompasses the survivors’ entire world and affects their emotional, cognitive, spiritual, and physical selves in unexpected ways. After a major loss, such as the death of a spouse or child, up to a third of the people most directly affected will suffer detrimental effects on their physical and/or mental health (Jacobs 1993). What is Grief and it’s Stages Grief refers to theRead MorePersonal Narrative : My Late Life Aging1298 Words   |  6 Pagesto deal with the situation that you selected. Describe the impact on you physically, emotionally, socially, and financially (as much as you can imagine the impact). What was your personal experience when you first read this condition? If I were an older adult being forced to watch my family and friends die before me, I do not think I could survive the aftermath. I believe that the event would affect me more mentally, emotionally and socially, then it would physically. However, I do not doubt the ability

Case Study Manufacturing, Inc. Essay - 1429 Words

KNJ Manufacturing, Inc. should look into getting with a copy of the approved vendor lists for the customers they have. And, begin to supply raw materials for their customers instead of just â€Å"machining and labor† only. They should be looking into outsourcing their work with the local shops to find ways of increasing their offerings to include things, such as, heat-treating, mechanical testing, material coating and hardness testing. KNJ should offer one-stop shop capabilities instead of losing opportunities because the customer does not want to send the part to multiple locations to get simple work done. Currently, KNJ does not have the license to do heat-treating, hardness testing, or coating, but this is something that KNJ Manufacturing may want to consider offering now or in the immediate future, to increase their market share and desirability in an already slow market. Companies like National Oilwell Varco, Cameron, Schlumberger, Duron, and Weatherford, just to name a f ew, are on KNJ Manufacturing’s current customer list. To lower their costs, and improve profits, on KNJ’s end to offer access to all of these services that these companies desire would be phenomenal to say the least. Not only would it lower shipping costs for the customer significantly, but during the difficult times that the oil and gas industry is having at the present time, KNJ could put themselves in a position to not feel the economic downturn as bad, as some. With the times being what they are at theShow MoreRelatedEssay about Custom Chips Inc1607 Words   |  7 PagesCustom Chips Inc. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Abstract This week’s case study is an analysis of the manufacturing company Custom Chips Inc., and further this analysis will define the obstacles to their processes that create inconsistency in creating higher yields. 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Project Report on Cookies Limited

Question: Write about theProject Report on Cookies Limited. Answer: Report Introduction Strategic Management refers to the preparation and application of goals and objectives that are set by the top management of the company to achieve better results by allocating the resources to the right place (Ansoff, 2007). It involves strategic planning which analyses the internal and external environment in which the company prevails. It is important to make and plan strategies for the future of company because it will evaluate and analyse the efficiency and the effectiveness of the company (Hill, Jones and Schilling, 2014). The current report discusses the case of Cookies Limited Company which is popular for its variety of tasty cookie products. In relation to the same, the company have set a strategic goal for the company to have a customer-centric and data-driven approach. The objective behind this strategic approach is to improve sales and business growth. In addition to the same, the company has to develop a data driven technology which will serve the executive people of the company who have less knowledge of Information and Communications Technology. The data driven system has to be developed in such a way that it is user friendly and clearly understood by the general people. Further, the report will discuss the data collection and storage system, data in action which includes the consumer centric design of the product and the recommendation system, the business continuity i.e. how the business will survive in case of contingencies and finally the conclusion of the report. Data Collection and Storage Data Collection System Data Collection refers to a systematic process of gathering and measuring of information through various sources to get the exact idea of the ways through which the objective will be accomplished. The data which is required to be collected in the current case of Cookies Limited is basically the tastes and preferences of the customers because the company being into the food industry depends on how well they cater to the demands and wants of their customers. The data can be collected with the help of different methods of the like surveys cum questionnaires which can asked to be filled by the customers visiting their single store in the city. This is can be used by the company to get the reviews of customers which will ensure them to make cookies according to the tastes of their respective set of customers. The questionnaires will comprise of questions like gender, age, occupation, their favourite flavour cookies, do they find the prices reasonable, design or shape of cookies they liked the most etc. these type of questions will help the company in becoming a customer-centric firm which makes the products by and for their customers. Rich data with the consumer choices can be collected by gathering data and information from not only the people coming into their store but also by reaching out to the people in nearby places, uploading review cum feedback form on their website so, that they can directly communicate with their customers. Another method of data collection can be stratified and cluster sample surveys which will help in collecting information from the selected group of people in order to cater to the customised demand of people (Williams, 2007). Storage System Storage system refers to the storing of data and information in the computer system and retrieving the data when required in future for the formulation of strategies. In the current report the storage system refers to the storage of the information of their customers which will include their likes, their shopping history, their favourite flavours etc. This big data can be maintained by upgrading their technology. In addition to the same, the company can use the artificial intelligence technology which will help the company to reduce the work of the company personnel. As the technologically updated soft wares installed in the systems will reduce the work of humans and will give results based on the tastes of their customers. The database of their customers shopping history will be of great importance as they will be able to make out their shopping behaviour and then will provide customised products which will give the customers a feeling of being delighted and therefore; long lasting worth remembering experience. In order to achieve an efficient storage system the company will have to improve their technology standards as they are interested in going for online business which a great option because of its coverage and effectiveness. Therefore; for having an online presence the company needs to be present on each of the online websites where they will get more coverage and will cater to the needs of their target audiences. The tactic of involving customers in their process of new cookies design and flavour can be possible being online because this will involve their customers and will give them a sense of belongingness with the company. This will also make the products customised and unique for the needs of their customers (Pais, S and Symonds, 2011). Data in Action Customer-Centric Product Design Customer-centric product design refers to the designing of the product according to the needs and wants of the customers. Customer-centric refers to the situation where customer is at the centre of the whole working of the company basically, the customer is said to be the king according to whose wishes the ministers are required to perform and act. Customer-centric approach is a big factor which gives rise to customer loyalty. Loyal customers are those happy customers who will always spread good word of mouth about the company and it is said to be the best and effective way of advertising and promoting the company (Maureen E and Daniel, 2014). To be a company which follows customer-centric product design it has to become technology advanced company. Updated technology will make the online business of the company very strong by which they will be able to communicate with their customers in which the customers will let them know about the design of the product of their choice. Cookies are mostly liked by children therefore; they can be given options of the design of cartoon characters which will bring the whole hearted involvement of their customers and finally the output will also be satisfying because as it has catered the same product which was chosen by the customers. The ways to make the customer-centric product design the company can make their websites in such a way that their customers are able to update or choose their preferred design with their favourite flavour and order the same then and there (Jirinova, K and Kolis, K, 2013). Recommendation System The recommendation system refers to that system which enable the people visiting that particular online platform are able to rate or give their feedback or preferences that the user would give them. Similarly, a kind of website or portal should be evolved by the company so that the company will be able to seek the feedback, preferences, ratings; views etc. of their customers and finally become a company who whole heartedly works for its customers. Recommendation system is a tool for the company to evaluate its performance and image of the company in the minds of the customers. The recommendation system can be of two types that are collaborative and content-based filtering methods. The recommendation system of the company should be such that it does appeal to its customers. Apart from this the system will also generate huge database of the customers which will include various valuable information which will be helpful to the company as on the basis of such information the company will be able to use it for further improvements and additions (Sen, Xiaonan and Yannan, 2015). Business Continuity Business Continuity refers to how effectively the management manages the interruptions of any kind which occurs in between the smooth functioning of the company. The need for the Business Continuity Management arises to manage deal with the business contingencies, by designing a Business Continuity Process after making effective business continuity plans for the constant running of the operations of the company with least impact on it of the disruptions which might occur anytime. Business Continuity is advantageous for companies as they analyse the potential threat and risks which might occur therefore; the need of business continuity is to reduce the impact which might affect the processes of the company (Queensland Government, n.d.). There are different types of plans which will help the online business of the company to survive in case of disasters or power outrage which are the back-up plan, emergency plan, test plan and recovery plan. The back-up plan should be such so that it recovers all the information and data of the customers and the back-up has to be managed by the company personnel. They are also required to update the back-up plan constantly and there should always be one or two back-ups in case of any failure of any of the back-ups the extra one has to be there. The emergency plan has to be undertaken in case of any disasters or emergencies like fire, attacks or structural damage then, the company has to identify the situations and then apply the emergency plan. The test plan is the final aspect of the disaster where the plan identifies loop holes of the three of the plans that are the back-up, emergency and recovery plans. The recovery plan deals with the restoring of information and data. The people comprising the recovery department should be firm enough in fulfilling their responsibilities (Dushie, 2014). In order to survive against the problems that occur because of the power cuts and other kinds of disasters the company has to be wise with their back-up plans. They are of different types full back-up, incremental back-up, mirror back-up and differential back-up plans. All these are required in order to deal with the contingencies and at the same time reducing the risks involved in such mishappening events. The full back-up plans carries the all of the files and data stored from day one to till date as in different files and also the back-up will be restored again when whenever the back-up run takes place. The incremental back-up is just the add on the new files and not running of the whole previous back-up and just the new files added after the last back-up. The mirror back-up refers to the changes that are made in the sources of the will automatically update the mirror back-up similar to the changes made in the file. The differential back-up is in the middle of the full and the inc remental back-up. The major focus has to be on the proper and effective back-up during the time of power cut which can be managed by installing long lasting generators which will act as a recovery plan for the company to restore the data saved there and then (Karim, 2011). Conclusion and Recommendations On the basis of the above report, it can be concluded that the Cookies Limited Company is going for online business which will increase the sales of the company as it has only one store in the city. The company is willing to advance its technology so that they can reach out to more people moreover; they will get the direct views and first hand data from their customers. The report has discussed will be presented to the senior executives of the company who don not possess great knowledge of technology therefore; in order to make it understandable by them it is required that they are convinced by the new strategies which will benefit the company in the long run. On the basis of the above report it can be recommended to the company that they should make their website in such a manner that customers are automatically driven towards them and the recommendation system is technologically advanced so that their customers can communicate their feedback and grievances. The company should also make their products customised by the customers themselves and for that they should have artificial intelligence software which will do the work with little human assistance therefore; reducing the load on the personnel of the company and making it more advanced through going for online business (Paulsen, 2012). References Ansoff, H., 2007, Strategic management. Springer. Dushie, D, Y., 2014, Business Continuity Planning: An Empirical Study of Factors that Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014, Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Hinder Effective Disaster Preparedness of Businesses, Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, Vol.5, No.27. Jirinova, K and Kolis, K., 2013, Research Of Customer-Centric Approach And Involvement Of Customers Into Innovation Process Across Czech Smes, The 7th International Days of Statistics and Economics, Prague, viewed 22 January 2017 from https://msed.vse.cz/files/2013/116-Jirinova-Katerina-paper.pdf. Karim, A, J., 2011, Business Disaster Preparedness: An Empirical Study for measuring the Factors of Business Continuity to face Business Disaster, International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol. 2 No. 18. Maureen E, B and Daniel M, W., 2014, The Influence Of Customer Centric Strategic Approach For Competitive Advantage On Customer Satisfaction In Cfc Stanbic Bank Kenya Limited, International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, Vol. II, Issue 11. Pais, S and Symonds, J., 2011, Data Storage On A Rfid Tag For A Distributed System, International Journal of UbiComp (IJU), Vol.2, No.2. Paulsen, K., 2012, Moving Media Storage Technologies: Applications Workflows for Video and Media Server Platforms, Taylor Francis. Queensland Government, n.d. Business Continuity Planning, viewed 22 January 2017 from https://www.mackay.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/151434/Business_Continuity_Planning_Guide.pdf. Sen, W, Xiaonan, Z and Yannan, D., 2015, A Collaborative Filtering Recommender System Integrated with Interest Drift based on Forgetting Function, International Journal of u- and e- Service, Science and Technology, Vol.8, No.4, pp.247-264. Williams, C., 2007, Research Methods, Journal of Business Economic Research, Volume 5, Number 3.

The Rise Of Ludwig Van Beethoven Into The Ranks Of Historys Greatest C

The rise of Ludwig van Beethoven into the ranks of history's greatest composers was parallelled by and in some ways a consequence of his own personal tragedy and despair. Beginning in the late 1790's, the increasing buzzing and humming in his ears sent Beethoven into a panic, searching for a cure from doctor to doctor. By October 1802 he had written the Heiligenstadt Testament confessing the certainty of his growing deafness, his consequent despair, and suicidal considerations. Yet, despite the personal tragedy caused by the "infirmity in the one sense which ought to be more perfect in [him] than in others, a sense which [he] once possessed in the highest perfection, a perfection such as few in [his] profession enjoy," it also served as a motivating force in that it challenged him to try and conquer the fate that was handed him. He would not surrender to that "jealous demon, my wretched health" before proving to himself and the world the extent of his skill. Thus, faced with such gre at impending loss, Beethoven, keeping faith in his art and ability, states in his Heiligenstadt Testament a promise of his greatness yet to be proven in the development of his heroic style. By about 1800, Beethoven was mastering the Viennese High-Classic style. Although the style had been first perfected by Mozart, Beethoven did extend it to some degree. He had unprecedently composed sonatas for the cello which in combination with the piano opened the era of the Classic-Romantic cello sonata. In addition, his sonatas for violin and piano became the cornerstone of the sonata duo repertory. His experimentation with additions to the standard forms likewise made it apparent that he had reached the limits of the high-Classic style. Having displayed the extended range of his piano writing he was also begining to forge a new voice for the violin. In 1800, Beethoven was additionally combining the sonata form with a full orchestra in his First Symphony, op. 2. In the arena of piano sonata, he had also gone beyond the three-movement design of Haydn and Mozart, applying sometimes the four-movement design reserved for symphonies and quartets through the addition of a minuet or sche rzo. Having confidently proven the high-Classic phase of his sonata development with the "Grande Sonate," op. 22, Beethoven moved on to the fantasy sonata to allow himself freer expression. By 1802, he had evidently succeeded in mastering the high-Classic style within each of its major instrumental genres-the piano trio, string trio, string quartet and quintet, Classic piano concerto, duo sonata, piano sonata, and symphony. Having reached the end of the great Vienese tradition, he was then faced with either the unchallenging repetition of the tired style or going beyond it to new creations. At about the same time that Beethoven had exhausted the potentials of the high-Classic style, his increasing deafness landed him in a major cycle of depression, from which was to emerge his heroic period as exemplified in Symphony No. 3, op. 55 ("Eroica"). In Beethoven's Heiligenstadt Testament of October 1802, he reveals his malaise that was sending him to the edge of despair. He speaks of suicide in the same breath as a reluctance to die, expressing his helplessness against the inevitability of death. Having searched vainly for a cure, he seems to have lost all hope-"As the leaves of autumn fall and are withered-so likewise has my hope been blighted-I leave here-almost as I came-even the high courage-which often inspired me in the beautiful days of summer-has disappeared." There is somewhat of a parallel between his personal and professional life. He is at a dead end on both cases. There seems to be no more that he can do with the high-Classic style; his deafness seems poised inevi tably to encumber and ultimately halt his musical career. However, despite it all, he reveals in the Testament a determination, though weak and exhausted, to carry on-"I would have ended my life-it was only my art that held me back. Ah, it seemed to me impossible to leave the world until I had brought forth all that I felt was within me. So I endured this wretched existence..." Realizing his own potential which he expressed earlier after the completion of

Moving Away free essay sample

From my bedroom I heard them talking, my mom and stepfather. I knew what they were talking about, too. They wanted to move to Philadelphia where my stepfather was from. This was exciting for me, but at the same time, it was scary. I was afraid to move away from all of my friends and family. I was worried I wouldn’t see them again and I was worried that I wouldn’t be able to make new friends in Philadelphia. Philadelphia, as I had heard from my stepfather, was quite different from rural Vermont, the only place I had ever lived. It was this first move, from Brandon, Vermont to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that started the series of moves that would become my school years. Because of the constant moving, I was afraid to meet anybody new, and I was insecure. So, it was done. We moved to Philadelphia where I was enrolled in William H. We will write a custom essay sample on Moving Away or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Loesche Elementary School for one school year. I made some friends, as well as some adversaries. The meanness of other students, as well as teachers, fed this introversion. The day after I graduated from Loesche, we moved into a different neighborhood. Different kids, different adults and a different atmosphere, once again, made me unsure of myself, but I made friends with a neighbor’s son. Hardly had I started middle school when I was uprooted again. My mother and I moved back to Vermont, and I was enrolled in Rutland Intermediate School. I moved many more times, back and forth from Vermont to Pennsylvania, and even to New Hampshire. The constant moving, accompanied by the constant estrangement from my friends, made it more and more difficult for me to open myself up and socialize with new people. Every time I had opened up to people, the experienced ended with me moving away, usually never seeing those people again. On the off chance that I did see them again, they wouldnâ €™t recognize or remember me even though I did them. I never made friends or tried to be accepted into any social groups. Instead, I always waited for people to come to me and accept me into their groups My mother and I moved to New Hampshire. With the â€Å"threat† of another move, this time to Massachusetts, looming in the darkness, I decided to move in with my father (still keeping in contact with my mother, of course) in hopes of achieving a more permanent living environment. For four years, longer than I have ever lived in one place, I stayed in Bethel, Vermont with my father, stepmother, and two half-sisters. I made friends and was accepted into several social groups at school in Bethel. While living in Bethel, I started to tear down the wall of introversion that I had built around myself throughout my childhood. I began to open myself up to people and make good friends whom I intend on keeping for years to come. After shedding my timidity, I joined many extracurricular clubs including the drama club, student council, and the track and field team. I even did various Elvis Presley impersonations in front of the entire school at assemblies and concerts. I also accepted th e invitation to attend the week long political summit, Green Mountain Boys’ State. During my stay there, I knew only two boys of the 150 boys present. I was forced to socialize with these other boys and get to know them. Despite all of the social hardship that I encountered as a result of the moving, I was able to rise above it and eventually become comfortable with meeting new people again. I must admit that every remnant of my introversion has not left me, but, when it does finally go, I will be content to move away from it and never return.

The Impact Of Ethical Sourcing Essays

The Impact Of Ethical Sourcing Essays The Impact Of Ethical Sourcing Essay The Impact Of Ethical Sourcing Essay The sourcing companies are preferred to source products at the lowest possible price, while at the same time ensure he suppliers produce the products With social and environmental considerations. The purpose of this policy is to ensure that products and raw materials purchase by or on behalf of a company consistent with the mission to develop and promote ethical responsibility at every stage in a fashion supply chain. In 1 9905, fashion retailers mainly focused on the economical aspect i. E. Sweet cost with reasonable quality, of achieving the products. While ethical issues are increasingly concerned recently in supply chain management. Globalization is likely one of the factors that contribute to the ransom, which many companies move the production lines offshore to those developing counties for the reason of lower production costs. Concerns on the human right of the workers and the environment protection have been raise in these countries. Change in consumer purchasing behavior may be another factor. This change may possibly increase pressure on fashion retailers or producers to sell or use products that are produced environmentally friendly and respecting human rights. Any failure would probably destroy the companies trustworthiness and even threaten corporate survival. International brands Gap and Nikkei are examples that suffered negative publicity as a result of failing to maintain the ethical issues in their production process. This appears to force fashion companies to adopt ethical sourcing and ensure their suppliers in all stages of supply chain act accordingly. 2. Finding and Discussion The impact of ethical souring on the selection of production sources can be divided into two aspects: the selection of suppliers and the selection of production materials. 2. 1 . Selection of suppliers Traditionally, under limited information about the suppliers, fashion buyers end to use price as a standard for selection Of suppliers in which the lower the price a supplier offered, the more likely the supplier will obtain the business in a pool of potential suppliers. In addition to price, quality, delivery time and services provided may also affect their choices. Today, however, fashion companies take into account two additional concerns, i. E. Social responsibility and environmental sustainability, when selecting new suppliers. Price used to be considered as a critical factor in evaluating and determining suppliers as the price of raw materials contribute most in the production sots. Therefore to cut the production costs, fashion companies may choose the suppliers with the lower price. This low price, however, may reflect lower standards in response to the workers treatment and environmental protection. As to keep costs low, suppliers may pay low wages, require the workers to work long hours, provide poor working environment for their workers and employ child labors in order to gain the business and undercut other potential suppliers. These unethical social problems are now widely criticized by public and therefore trigger a change in supply chain management. Cooperate with those unethical suppliers may have a risk of reputation damage , and consequently many companies start to consider ethical issues when they are choosing suppliers. The main barrier for ethical souring On selection Of suppliers may possibly be the Costs. It seems difficult for the suppliers to produce products as cheap as before and at the same time adherence to ethical production, because they may have to increase the wage rate, improve working environment, and use safe and environmental friendly raw materials. This apparently lowers the opportunities for suppliers o gain the business unless they undercut other potential suppliers on cost. Also, the costs of sourcing ethical clothing, inevitably, will increase accordingly. A fashion buyer may face a tradeoff when selecting suppliers between lower costs and concerning ethical issues. When adopting ethical souring, fashion buyers may not be able to access to the interior of the suppliers and evaluate whether the products are produced according to code Of ethics and environmental standards. Evidence from third parties, therefore, may be required to provide advice for the companies. For example, United Nation Global Compact (UNC), requires companies to follow universal teeth kcal principles, is a standard to encourage companies worldwide to adopt sustainable social and environmental policies. Also, several non- government organizations (NAG) were established to encourage fashion companies to sourcing materials or clothing produced by manufacturers with ethical concerns. The Clean Clothes Campaign, the Ethical Trading Initiative (IT) and Fair Labor Association are the examples of NAG to promote ethical standards in clothing production. However, these organizations that help in ethical sourcing may be criticized as not reliable. For example, one of the members in the IT, Gap, had been found inconsistent with the ethical standards by employing child labors. Consumers, therefore, may need self- adjustment on the companies performance and the information on the companies official website may provide a way. Some of the fashion companies, such as Patagonia and People Tree, provide transparency of information about where the raw materials come from and where the production is carried out on their websites. This is because these companies recognize that any inappropriate and unethical corporate actions in supply chains may affect the companies image and reputations in the market. 2. 2. Selection of production materials Selecting appropriate raw materials would be very important as the features of raw materials could have a great influence on the finished products. There is trend for fashion buyers to source clothing made from sustainable cottons and produced by Fair Trade manufacturers. For instance, Marks Spencer had sold clothing made from Fair Trade cotton since 2006; Monsoon sold Fair Trade clothing; New Look sold t-shirts made from organic cotton; Houses sold clothing made from recycled cotton fabric. Sustainable cottons refer to the cottons that are produced in response to social ethics and environmental protection. Examples are organic cotton, better cotton and recycled cotton. Organic cotton takes an important role in ethical souring and there are a growing number Of fast ion companies that start to take step towards using organic cotton. Timberland could be a typical example that does a lot to reduce damage to the environment in which 80% of the shoes are manufactured from organic cotton or recycled materials. HM, another example, is one of the leading users of organic cotton in the world. Cotton is regarded as the most popular fiber used in garment. Standard cotton farming is criticized for produce significant environmental problems as it is accounted for 1 1 % of the worlds pesticide consumption. Organic cotton, which is grown without pesticides and fertilizers, is therefore used to improve farmers health and reduce considerable environmental pollution. This kind of farming may possibly minimize the adverse effect on rivers or water source nearby. Better cotton, which is introduced by Better Cotton Initiative to promote good farming behavior, also growth with less irrigate water, chemical, and with more concern to the soil, natural environment and working condition for farmers. Recycled cotton, which is made from the scraps produced by textile mills or post-consumer cotton waste, is important to minimize unnecessary wastage and environmental impacts. Recycle cotton reduce waste to landfill and the use of virgin cotton, chemicals, water and land. Although it is environmental friendly to use sustainable cottons, there are several imitations regarding the usage of these cottons. There seems to be physical limitation for organic cotton and better cotton of having less output because of the absence of chemical pesticide and fertilizers. Apart from physical limitation, there is also economical limitation in which using sustainable cottons is very expensive. Cost of farmers will be increase as the certified organic seed is expensive. Farmers may possibly transfer these extra cost to manufacturers for producing sustainable cotton fabrics. The cost of fashion companies will increase accordingly as extra expense is resulted from using expensive cotton fabric, getting organic cotton certification and paying a Fair Trade premium to farmers. A huge investment of money, time and effort may be required to develop and train farmers skills for producing sustainable cottons in order to meet the international standard. 3. Conclusion Ethical sourcing may conceivably be the critical souring strategy for every fashion companies worldwide in the nearest future as it brings a great deal of benefit to the society while at the same time minimizes the environmental impact. It mainly affects the supply chain in the selection of suppliers and production materials. Although the change in criteria of selection production source may discourage the economic aspect as higher purchase price, it does promote the companys reputation and good image to be an ethical corporate as consumers concern. This may actually reduce operation costs of a company as more recycled materials are used and less effort may be put on promoting brand image. Reputation is a key to maximum corporate benefit and there is no other choice than employing ethical sourcing to maintain or improve reputation in the long term. With increase in reputation, new marketing opportunities could be found.

A Step For the future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Step For the future - Essay Example Mama says, â€Å"In real life I am a large, big.boned woman with rough, man.working hands† (Walker). Although she is very weak financially, yet she has remained composed through all thick and thin of life. To me, Mama is a role model because being a woman does not make her deprived of any thing in any sense. Having studied Mama as a character in Everyday Use, I have come to realize that much of the injustice women conventionally complain of can be attributed to their self perception of a weaker sex. It is their own sense of delicacy and insecurity that makes them underestimate themselves, and the opposite gender takes advantage of it. If women leave underestimating themselves, no man can undermine them, and Mama stays as an evidence for this. A & P: Having read A & P, the biggest lesson that I have learnt is that men’s preferences and sense of responsibility in life change as they mature. For a man who is as young and immature as Sammy, gaining approval of a girl passin g by may mean more than job, that is the most fundamental demand of a mature man. Sammy enters into an extremely useless and unproductive argument with the store manager for girls whom he has seen for the first, and perhaps the last time in his life in the store.

Branded Spaces Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Branded Spaces - Essay Example ispensable tool for real estate firms and property owners who are now prospecting to let their property for a short period in the wake of an economy down town pending its recovery (Vacant.com, 2011). A pop-up shop is a temporary venue. For instance, the space can be used for merchandise activities while on the following day hold a cocktail party. The tendency entails popping-up one day or week, then vanishing the same duration later. These shops, although they are small and temporary, have the capacity to build up interest through consumer exposure. Pop-up shops enable a firm to create a unique environment that involves its consumers, and develops a sense of significance and interactivity (Smith, 2009). The retail environment of pop-up stores in most cases is highly experiential, transporting emotions in an event-oriented type of atmosphere. While pop-up stores can also serve as retail events to sell special offers, they often serve as retail avenues to present and introduce product innovations or even conduct market tests. As such, locations are usually in city centres, or the trendy neighbourhoods of big cities (Townsend, 2010). With the strategy of pop-up stores being the creation of a climate of scarcity, retailers try to build a higher willingness to pay among their customer because there no option for price comparison and offers are only available for short periods of time, which can increase desirability. In particular, temporary stores that sell special offers are consumption events for customers and their main objective is to get discounts. In some cases, pop-up stores of this type are used to give special offers to long-term, high value customers. In these events, the scarcity effect is reinforced as there is not only a temporary limitation of the offers but... Center of discussion in this paper is Vacant of Los Angeles as the first company that developed the idea of pop-up retail. This was after the company had toured Tokyo on a business trip. The company was puzzled by the manner in which customers would literally line up to buy limited edition products from place retailers. When the products were all sold out, an exercise that took place in a matter of hours, the store closed down until its owner had brought in another stock, and then reopen it. This concept fascinated Vacant, who though to closing the store permanently after the stock had been sold. The company also thought of moving to another targeted destination because customers used to travel for long distances in order to buy products from niche retailers. Vacant picked up this idea and even today, the company still provides retailing alongside marketing for businesses. The company opened its second shop in NYC2003 through the sponsorship of Dr. Martens. Later in the same year, So ng Airlines opened their pop-up shop in the same city. In 2004, Comme Des Garcons opened up a pop-up shop known as the Guerrilla Shop, which lasts for a one-year term. Since then, the trend of pop-up shops has grown to become an indispensable tool for real estate firms and property owners who are now prospecting to let their property for a short period in the wake of an economy down town pending its recovery. Although pop-ups began as a way of artists to make use of disused space in urban areas, this has since changed modern entrepreneurial activity.

Advertising Disrupts the Objective of Rational Choice Essay

Advertising Disrupts the Objective of Rational Choice - Essay Example But repeated exposure to such ads ends up affecting the thinking cycle of the consumers and influences their buying habits. (Levinson, n.d.) On an average, an American views about 1500 advertisements every day (Butler, 2001). Most of these advertisements promote materialism. They introduce a product in a way that makes the customers feel as if they need it. This results in building dissatisfaction in the mind of the customer and makes him want to buy that product. These advertisements aim to eliminate the difference between needs and want and use the very influential source, media, to make the customers feel the need for those products, even when they do not really need it at all. By portraying that through the use of a certain product, a fancy lifestyle, or an ideal life could be achieved, they give a false perception of happiness and tricks the customers into buying the wrong products. (Butler, 2001) There are various examples of such manipulation present in our society. Consider for example a brand new BMW car being advertised. There is no logical justification of the car being priced at more than ten times the price of an ordinary sedan. Nonetheless, the ideal, happy life depicted through the advertisements convinces the consumers that the car really is worth the price tag, and forces them to make the illogical decision of buying the car. (ScienceDaily, 2007) As already discussed, advertisers use tactics like subliminal messages and promoting ideal lifestyles in the advertisements to manipulate consumers into buying what they do not need. The tools that are used by advertisers to promote such lifestyles are as follows: There are numerous examples of advertisements using

Classification of Wastewater

Classification of Wastewater Wastewaters are numerous in kind and defy easy definition. It is difficult to evolve a universal classification for waste. However, roughly there are three basic classification methods, which are combined to form a waste classification system (Hagerty., 1973). They are physical classification, chemical classification and thermal classification. The last one is directly related to thermal processing requirements and focuses on the information needed to select, design, and operate a thermal processing system. 5.1 Physical Classification This classification identifies the physical state of waste. It is needed for the selection and design of waste handling systems and the choice of processing equipment. Based on physical characteristics, typical waste materials are classified as gaseous, liquid, slurry, sludge, solid and containerized waste. In the present context, solid and liquid wastes will be discussed in this section. Solid waste is wastes those which arise from human and animal activities that are normally solid and are usually discarded as useless or unwanted. The term as used in this context is all inclusive, and it encompasses the heterogeneous mass of throw aways from the urban community as well as the more homogeneous accumulations of agricultural, industrial and mineral wastes (Tchobanoglous, 1977). In discussing solid waste, generally and traditionally certain categories of wastes are well recognized as they are very common. For example, solid wastes include domestic, commercial, industrial, (due to construction and demolition) agricultural, institutional and miscellaneous. Many times domestic and commercial wastes cannot be differentiated and are considered together as urban wastes. Included in this category are the garbage materials which result from food preparation both in the homes and restaurants, and also the rubbish which is produced in residences and commercial establishments. Gen erally, the garbage consists of rapidly decomposable materials while the rubbish is either slowly decomposable or non-degradable. A second major category of waste is industrial, the refuse produced by industrial processes. Generally the character of the refuse produced in any manufacturing or processing operation will depend very much on the type, amount, or the character of wastes produced by the industry. Obviously, the wastes produced by steel manufacturers will differ considerably from those produced in the chemical industry. Usually the wastes produced by any food processing operation, the paper and plastics industries are almost similar to the paper and plastic packaging materials found in domestic rubbish. On the other hand, the metal processing industry will obviously generate metallic wastes, but in addition will also produce large quantities of slags, processing chemicals, and other residues, many of which are used in air pollution control and water pollution control activ ities. The wastes produced by chemical industries or other more specialized industries will in general depend upon the specific nature of the end product of the manufacturing process (Waste Classification Guidelines Part 1: Classifying Waste , 2009). 5.2 Chemical Classification It is the key to selection of proper process design parameters, selection of materials of construction, choice of concentration equipment, design of incinerator hardware, the possibility of bye-product recovery, and the requirement of fuel gas and discharge water treatment systems. Based on this classification, the waste materials are broadly classified as clean waste and hazardous waste. 5.2.1 Clean Waste This group covers hydrocarbons which contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The oxidation products are considered clean and can be discharged into the environment. 5.2.2 Hazardous Waste The problem with hazardous wastes is that there is still no internationally accepted definition of a hazardous waste. However, technical criteria such as toxicity, flammability, corrosivity, ignitability and reactivity have been proposed and used to some extent to identify and designate the waste as hazardous. Though the hazardous wastes account for only a small proportion of all wastes generated by the industries, their impact can be disastrous as they not only affect the physical environment but also the biotic components. The United States alone generates about 60 million tons of hazardous waste every year, and the European Economic Community about half of that quantity. Roughly 10 to 20 per cent of the total waste produced can be considered as potentially hazardous. In general, there are industries like metallurgical, iron and steel, fertilizers, thermal power production, etc. generating large quantities of solid and liquid wastes containing low concentration that is at the trace level of hazardous constituents. On the other hand, there is another group of industries such as chlor alkali, pesticides, dyestuffs, electroplating, photographic chemicals, fine chemicals, etc. which generate comparatively small quantity of wastes, but they are highly toxic and hazardous. Approximately one million tons of solid waste is generated annually by the 131 industrial units surveyed. Nearly 22% of wastes from these industries are hazardous. It has been estimated that about 94% of these wastes are generated by process oriented (generating during the processing of raw materials to get the finished products) industries and 6% of it is pollution control oriented (generated from the treatment of gaseous and liquid effluents) industries. Maximum amount of hazardous waste is generates by chlor-alkali, dyes and pigment, organic chemicals, pesticide and plating industrial sectors. The inorganic chemical sector on the other hand, generated low volume-high toxic wastes. The syntheti c drug manufacturing units in drugs and pharma sector generate maximum quantity of hazardous wastes. Thus, hazardous waste may be further classified into waste generating gaseous contaminants, waste containing alkali and alkaline earth metals and waste containing heavy metals. 5.3 Thermal Classification This is used in the determination of energy requirements for processing and in the selection of system configuration. Based on the thermal properties, typical waste materials are classified as follows, where combustible wastes are a group that includes wastes which will sustain oxidation reaction without additional energy requirements, noncombustible wastes are groups that represent low-Btu value wastes, which will not sustain oxidation reaction without additional energy supply. These wastes may be further classified into following two categories which are the noncombustible wastes with no low the volatiles (the organics in the wastes contain no low volatiles which, when heated, will evaporate) and the noncombustible waste with low volatiles (the organics in the waste are heat sensitive and readily vaporized when heated). These two categories provide important information for the designing of evaporation and steam stripping systems. They are also important factors in the selection of pre-concentration equipment of wastes. For the successful application of thermal processing systems accurate and reliable information about the composition and characteristics of any waste to be processed is essential. Such data are necessary to understand the process and for the selection of process equipment. Classification of a wastewater by toxicity or hazard is important for safety and also to comply with legislation (Mumford, 1973). In practice, it is better to use the characterization ‘hazardous’ and ‘non-hazardous’ having regard to both toxicity and the environmental implications of the waste on disposal. Therefore the Control of Pollution Act distinguishes waste as poisonous, noxious or polluting and whose presence on land is likely to give rise to an environmental hazard. It also encompasses highly flammable or explosive materials which may have little toxicological significance (Agency, n.d.). Classification may be further expanded taking into consideration individual chemicals. Chemical analysis will usually give the proportion of each chemical present, except that of organics which may be characterized by one or more physical properties as listed in Table 2. Table 2: Physical properties of liquid wastes. Alternatively the description may be limited to synthetic organic materials, natural organic materials, and inorganic materials and this characteristic corresponds to classification by origin. Finally, wastewater is usually wastes because it consists of unusable and often unpleasant mixture of chemicals. Bibliography Agency, T.E.P. About Hazardous Non-Hazardous Waste by The Environmental Protection Agency, [Online], Available: http://www.lonestar.edu/16715.htm [19 February 2014]. Hagerty., D.J.P.J.L.a.H.J.E. (1973) Solid Waste Management, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. Mumford, C.J. (1973) Industrial Pollution Control, Bussiness Books. Tchobanoglous, G.T.H.a.E.R. (1977) Solid Wastes: Engineering Principles and Management issues, New York: McGraw Hill.

Human Motivation Essay

On page 227 of your text you will find Figure 8-6. Provide two scenarios for two different hypothetical people showing the two possible outcomes, two possible paths for the same frustrated need. Summarize the two, comparing and contrasting the experiences in the scenarios. Create a box table for each with summaries for each. Then, provide, in paragraph format, an explicit explanation of similarities and differences. Each table should have two explanations along with descriptions and references to your text and/or other readings. Cite all references following correct APA style (5th edition).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In explaining the behavior of people, we start our description with reference to some kind of active driving force: the individual seeks, the individual wants, the individual fears. Various psychologists describe motivation, in other words, as the driving force behind our behavior (Atkinson, et al. 1983). Smith, et al. labels their discussion on motivation as the â€Å"Why† of behavior (1982). Why does the tardy student in mathematics spend the rest of the period outside instead of inside the mathematics classroom? Emotions or strong feelings usually accompany motivated behavior.   Often, emotions direct behavior toward goals (Atkinson, et al. 1983). This paper briefly describes and explains the origin/causes, and distinction of motivation and different scenarios linking motivation and other concepts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Motives, according to Marx, originate either from a biological or a physiological source, or from an environmental influence. A motive may arise from a biological need for food or water which will drive an individual to seek food when hungry or drink when thirsty. The tissues of the human body need these to function continuously. It will cease to live without sufficient nourishment. The hormonal substances in the blood which activate certain parts of the nervous system are other biological sources, for instance, the sex drive which is due to the presence of hormones secreted by the reproductive glands, the ovaries (in the female), and the testes present in the male (1976).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, motives may also be caused by environmental influence. We react strongly to social acceptance so we want to acquire an appliance or any other thing that we see in others especially if we can afford them. Companies offering high salaries attract employees from other firms that give low wages (Atkinson, et al. 1983).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A predominant view is that human motivation comes from either a small number of basic urges or even one basic urge and that all aspire for family prestige, social status, and security (Morris and Maisto, 1999, p. 315). ~Internal and External Classification of Motivation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Psychology recognizes different perspectives of motivation. One of these viewpoints pertains to the idea of â€Å"motivational inducements,† otherwise known as incentives. Incentives are referenced from either the vantage point of internal, or that of external motivation. An inducement coming from within the individual is called intrinsic or internal motivation. It is, according to Morris and Maisto, about the â€Å". . . desire to perform a behavior that originates within the individual.† An inducement coming from outside the individual is called external or extrinsic motivation. It is the aspiration to do or achieve a goal in order to acquire a type of incentives or escape or steer clear of punishment (Morris and Maisto, 1999, p.316). Children are often induced by the presence of external incentives to perform expected tasks or avoid incurring punishment. For motivation experts, however, a person developing the internal type of motivation will reap more lasting and beneficial effects compared with external motivation (1999). To induce a child to do what the parents ask for by way of rewards or threats are at times less constructive or even detrimental to the overall performance of the person or child. Fear is a strong component of human motivation. Explain the numerous roles of fear in both positive and negative impact situations on human motivation you have studied this term. Be specific and cite all references in correct APA style (5th edition). Create real-life examples for each role of fear to support your position(s). Develop your scenarios to include the application of theory. Thoroughly develop your scenario.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fear is defined as â€Å"a distressing emotion aroused by impending danger, evil or pain; a specific instance of or propensity for fear; concern or anxiety, solicitude† (Random House Webster’s Dictionary, 4th Ed.). Where fear is concerned, though it is deemed as a negative emotional state by many, life will become unreal. This paper will try to explain why fear is essential to an individual’s healthy outlook. Weighing on the polarities of this particular affect, one will see the necessity of this kind of emotion which is processed by the body’s amygdala. Although social psychology literature is extensive, there are yet inconclusive evidences as to how fear actually work towards its positive effect. Volumes of literature attest to both positive and negative effects of fear especially in its role to convince. Because of this, it is very important that one examines the specific instances where fear can be said to be effective in positive manner as well as in a negative way. The following scenarios will, at the least, illustrate where fear is helpful, and where it is detrimental or destructive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the study of anti-nuclear recruiting to raise concern on a possible nuclear holocaust, it is said that the matter about nuclear use is so prevalent these days that common people, when presented with the threat of its use, tend to shrug off the idea and need to be convinced of the danger it poses (Sandman & Valenti, 1986). Why the indifference?   Inspite of the campaigns of nuclear â€Å"Armageddon,† the majority of people still seemed to be apathetic about any threat at all. Perhaps, according to studies, people already get beyond fear to numbness. In the study by Sandman and Valenti, the authors said that this has something to do with what they termed as â€Å"likely occurrence† versus â€Å"horrible consequence.† They cited as an example the success of drunken driving campaigns due to the likelihood of losing one’s driver’s license rather than losing a life (which is an instance of horrible consequence). How is this so? These authors said that to terrify a person who is already afraid will be of no use to that person. The likelihood of a horrible consequence, probably to most people, is not that immediate. The common response is apathy. So the best approach to this situation according to Sandman and Valenti is reassurance-the reinforcement of what they call the four â€Å"antidotes† namely, â€Å"anger, hope, love and action.† This implies simply that fear in this instance is negative in effect. Fear has to be reduced when it comes to scenarios like recruiting people to take up commitment and/or advocacy towards certain important matters of concern like the threat of nuclear war.   To sustain the cause, the four aforementioned agenda will be the likely steps taken rather than inducing fear or â€Å"terrorizing the terrorized with more terror† (Sandman & Valenti, 1986).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is also maintained that fear is indispensable and a fact of life. If truth be told, more often, studies would show its efficacy in persuading people to action or to some to change their minds on something or someone. This happens to political campaigns where some PR managers become household names also due to their ability to introduce a virtually unknown person and catapult them to notoriety. This may entail a positive or negative implication, depending on the perceptions of people and the motives or machinations of those wanting to be in the limelight. How will fear appeal be very effective and its use in persuasive communication be ethically and morally right or justified? Here is a scenario: a certain school whose graduating class of 29 students filed a complaint on one of its faculty, citing misconduct unbecoming of someone in authority on the basis of corruption. They submitted a detailed account of what transpired during a semester with this certain professor in their department. When confronted with the dean regarding the response made by the professor, and the possibility of court cases filed against the whole class, the students decided to make a retraction of their complaints. Their lame excuse was that given their naà ¯vetà © or inexperience, the college and the authorities (including the accused professor) then investigating them, should look into the charges they made against the professor as mere questions in need of answers and not as accusatory gestures that are morally and professionally damaging to the concerned professor. They have decided to retract, corporately, because their adviser enlightened them of the repercussions of their written complaint (i.e., possible non-graduation, and a host of other possible consequences). This is a picture of an effective fear appeal. Their retraction did not mean they have changed their prejudiced mind against the professor, rather, their immediate concern is their graduation which is barely two months away, and the possibility of a smeared reputation when time comes they will be applying for work. This illustration gives an example of the kind of fear appeal where the Stage model (Das, 2001) is applied. The students in the illustration responded to this appeal positively, although it was only short term. They responded positively because they had their graduation in mind which is upcoming.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As Enny Das states it, human beings act the way they do because of underlying motivations (Das, 2001). Fear is an important factor in the way people act and decide. In the first scenario, fear is portrayed as negative in effect to certain cases such as anti nuclear campaigns recruitment. According to social scientists, there are behavioral and attitudinal changes that work temporarily and others permanently or in a considerable length of time. Where the first scenario is concerned, advocates for the awareness of anti-nuclear holocaust and recruitment of activists for their cause have this problem before them: how to convince people from their â€Å"numbness† to action and stay on with it. As Sandman and Valenti proposed it, the procedures they advocated, instead of high dose of fear, a good measure of reassurance based on anger, love, hope and action, (â€Å"4 antidotes of numbness†) should be followed (Sandman, Valenti, 1986). This makes sense according to the Dual-process model, where it is â€Å"postulated that systematic processing of a persuasive message will result in more stable attitudes, intentions, and behavior† (Das, 2001). However, people should perceive a certain degree of possible threat/danger if they are to process the information systematically and hence, maintain a long term coping of that threat/danger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second scenario is best explained based on the Stage model of fear appeals. It assumes that individuals process the information on a â€Å"heuristic processing of subsequently presented recommendation† which is predictably less lasting in a period of time (Das, 2001). Considering that the second scenario, referring to their decision to retract from their complaints only because of an impending graduation which is threatened by the case they filed on the alleged professor, is actually a very unstable decision, and understandably will only weaken in the passing of time (Das, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The study of fear and its effects continue to arrest curiosity and interest as well as confusion. There needs to be more studies to discover how the occurrence of attitude and behavioral changes where fear appeals are concerned, affects decision making whether positively, to the advantage of the individual, or negatively, to the detriment or disadvantages of the one paralyzed by fear. It is assumed that scenarios like these will continue to attract both enthusiasts and experts alike in the study of behavior. Explain the role of learning in human motivation. Provide at least three (3) examples that specifically tie learning to human motivation and the reduction of stress, improved happiness, and self-esteem. (Three separate scenarios.) Your explanation should be well developed and the examples should be specific. Cite all references in correct APA style (5th edition).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Motivation is behind every behavior. The principle of cause-effect is apparent in the study of motivation and behavior: motivation is the cause or the â€Å"why†, and behavior is the effect. Thus it is motivation that gives direction and thrust to our behavior. Without motivation, behavior may not occur (Halonen and Santrock, 1999).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A common family friend one day told me she wanted my advice, whether she’ll break up with her boyfriend or stay on with him and wait for him to change. Her problem was that whenever they disagree or fight, her boyfriend (we’ll call him â€Å"Raymond†) ends up pinching her to the point that he was actually physically hurting her. It is something very interesting to think about because of all things that a man would do to his sweetheart, pinching her seems strange and extraordinary. I couldn’t help asking her why â€Å"Raymond† is that way. What are the forces behind this seemingly love and hate relationship? What drives Raymond to do this precise act towards his girlfriend? Did he learn it or is it innate?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Psychology seeks to understand human behavior with the following 4 or 5 goals in mind. These are description, explanation, prediction, control, and improvement (Atkinson et al, 2000). Analyzing the given scenario with my friend, I just was able to describe the event and the occasions that led him to do it. However, it does not suffice to say that just because he is hurt in some ways by his girlfriend that he would resort to doing such a thing as pinching. It would be a lot clearer if we start to examine his behavior in the light of possible reasons basing on the need theory and the learning theory (Halonen and Santrock, 1999). 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Need Theory –   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A need is defined as a specific state within the organism that may activate behavior to satisfy the need; they are often related to the depletion of essential body substances; a state or condition which indicates the lack or something vital or desired which the organism will strive to obtain; it can also mean the existence of an unpleasant condition, which has to be relieved or eliminated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the case of â€Å"Raymond,† his pinching behavior can be interpreted as his way of relieving or eliminating an unpleasant feeling or condition (i.e. he has anger management problem that he couldn’t guide his emotions to a more benign and less destructive manner), that unless he gets it off his system, a more violent reaction might occur, so the pinching is for him so minor, that he can do it anytime to his girlfriend. Usually, in cases like Raymond’s behavior, the individual does not possess the skills in channeling strong and powerful emotions and communicating such in the right manner. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Learning Theory – Observational or Social Learning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To explain Raymond’s behavior, I will start by elaborating on the theory by Bandura and alongside illustrating and illuminating the behavior of the pinching individual.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social learning theorist Albert Bandura has run experiments that show we acquire operants by observing the behavior of others. We may need some practice to refine the skills we acquire by observation. We may choose to allow these skills to lie latent. For example, we may not imitate aggressive behavior unless we are provoked and believe that we are more likely to be rewarded than punished for it. Observational learning may account for most human learning. It is not mechanically acquired through reinforcement. We can learn by observation without engaging in overt responses at all. It appears sufficient to pay attention to the behavior of others. To explain how this occurs, Bandura suggests that four mental processes must be in operation; these processes are necessary for observation learning (Bandura, 1986).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Attention.† The observer must pay attention to what the model says or does. In all likelihood, â€Å"Raymond† may have spent his younger days in the hands and example of a mother who actually specifically would pinch him whenever he misbehaves. Probably, those years were for him troublesome, knowing that a mother oftentimes displays this behavior or act out of sheer frustration, at times not because the child actually misbehaves. He was probably doing what every normal child would do that time. His mother could have been laden with so many things to do and lacked the patience or time to understand the needs of her children (Bandura, 1986).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Memory.† The observer must store or remember the information so that it can be retrieved and used later. In Raymond’s case, because he practically grew up in the â€Å"apron strings† of his mother, it’s not surprising that he would manifest many characteristics of his mother. Raymond’s memory would necessarily be traced back to the years he had experienced under her (Bandura, 1986).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Imitation.† The observer must be able to use the remembered information to guide his or her own actions and thus imitate the model’s behavior. Although Raymond has now a choice over his acts whenever he felt provoked, he seemed â€Å"tied† to the responses his mother made years ago, thus displaying the same behavior (Bandura, 1986).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Motivation.† The observer must have some reason, reinforcement, or incentive to perform the model’s behaviors. Raymond must probably feel that the â€Å"pinching† is justifiable and quite normal because that was what he’d experienced with his mother. When he felt being provoked by the girlfriend, the physical reaction could have been a natural consequence to him (Bandura, 1986).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The major theories presented here have helped us understand the kind of behavior that the person in the scenario was doing towards the girl. Theories have their way of making us comprehend things, situations and behavior better. Because of this, we are able to make necessary adjustments, and lessen potential conflicts at the very least. It allows us also the opportunity to gain insights on the way people behave, what makes them tick, or what sets them off. A key element in Human Motivation involves one’s ability apply existing knowledge to a problem. We call this creativity. Your text actually provides a process of creativity. Your task is to: Delineate a real-life problem associated with your work or something you have experienced. You must define this problem completely. Make yourself a disinterested observer and omit no detail. Synthesize the data. DeBono (1970, 1987) terms this process â€Å"finding redundancies† and calls it lateral thinking. You are going to identify patterns in your scenario. This is the heart of the creative process. Then, you will suspend judgment; leave your opinions of the situation out of the process. Think of this as a game and devise at least three (3) options for your scenario. Last, explain how motivation is linked in each of the options.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The real-life problem that is to be explored here has something to do with two colleagues who play â€Å"serious† parts or roles in the dynamics of office work. Their mutual animosity has exceeded civility that it has engulfed us their co-workers, and even each of our respective families. Whenever they are around, all of us have to make sure that no favoritism is shown to any. Nevertheless, it is precisely this stance that further places the rest of us in trouble. One of the antagonists, let’s call him Troy â€Å"the Rat†, is the senior of the rest of us who are in this department. His archenemy, whom he name-calls as the â€Å"trying-hard to look like tough† guy, we call Bart. Bart is not your typical officemate also. He is not the very outspoken and gregarious, happy-go-lucky person nor the touchy type. But he knows malice if he meets one. Their problem is already more than ten years old. They have had their f irst series of encounters that ended up in lawsuit. Their relationship didn’t improve, expectedly, after that period. This time around, the matter between them was revived and had escalated with another series of lawsuits. I was caught in the middle of this conflict as much as the others in the department. Troy â€Å"the rat† wanted us to take his side to pin Bart down saying that the latter was a malicious person bent on destroying a reputable colleague whose work and influence had made contributions though not as much as that of Troy. Bart, on the other hand, was knowledgeable about the manipulations and tongue wagging unimaginable in the military that Troy had been doing all these years to put Bart outside the â€Å"group,† or the inner circle in the institution where he had been â€Å"first.† In my judgment, though Bart had lapses of his own, I have not encountered nor observed him as a person who had as much malevolence as Troy. Both had wanted anyon e of us in the department to sympathize and rally to either of their â€Å"causes,† and overtly, not one of us showed to the rest of the institution that we had taken sides. However, privately, we had our sympathies for Bart because his clout is not that extensive as Troy; Bart’s fight was just almost always to defend himself in the wake of the accusations that Troy had tried to hurl against him. ~Synthesize the data. DeBono (as cited in Franken, 2007) terms this process â€Å"finding redundancies† and calls it lateral thinking. You are going to identify patterns in your scenario. This is the heart of the creative process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The whole scenario with Troy, Bart and the rest of us in the department embroiled in the dispute reached its peak just a few months ago. Recently, Troy because of his belief that we were not deeply supportive of him, accused the whole department of conspiracy against him. Although he had the appearance of respectability, Troy however, is a very good â€Å"actor,† who plays his part well. Because his accusation of conspiracy was not effective, he tried other ways. Through text messages and sarcasm he began to intimidate each of us personally and privately. He somehow managed to know some important details or weaknesses in each of us to weaken us down. Members of our department were at our lowest point in the working relationship and morale within the workplace. It was a very difficult time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The problem with these two colleagues did not just start with any one of them as individuals although their idiosyncrasies and even their personal, family or private lives are surely crucial factors in the dynamics of office work. Looking at the whole dilemma from start to the more recent clashes, Troy and Bart’s conflict which now involved us, was firstly, a leadership responsibility. If then, during the early times that those who oversee the department had keen understanding of people’s behavioral inclinations or types, who cared enough to address the early signs of trouble that arises in a specific workplace, and had the decisive facility to impose certain boundaries and discipline either or both of them and those involved then, this was surely a thing of the past. What the person (Troy or Bart) was certainly has bearing in whatever will continue to develop in future relationships, responsibilities, and possible frictions that normally are present in any work setting. ~Then, you will suspend judgment; leave your opinions of the situation out of the process. Think of this as a game and devise at least three (3) options for your scenario. Discipline both Troy and Bart. Impose sanctions for the way the conflict between them had been allowed to escalate. Probably suggest suspension, leave of absence for a definite period of time so the whole office can breathe. Because I am not the department head, a meeting is to occur (or a series of meetings) just for the sole purpose of brainstorming on the viable alternatives to restore the two to a more civil relationship. If they will not acquiesce to what will be decided by the group, then everyone in the department will make a resolution to recommend the two for further investigation by the institution’s disciplinary council and even propose their dismissal should they not accede to the department/institution’s guidelines or decisions. Leave them to fight their battles between them because they are adults and can fend for each of themselves. ~ Last, explain how motivation is linked in each of the options. The implications for option one is that when there is outright or decisive action to make the two answerable for the fiasco will provide a sharp curb to their ongoing hostility. In understanding human nature, when a person’s ego is touched with matters that the case between Troy and Bart will be exposed as behaving like children and needed to be out rightly disciplined, it will unmask their vulnerability to society’s approval and disapproval. This is based on Affiliation motive, and what they will lose is Esprit de corps-the feeling of being part of a sympathetic group, only this time, not just one of them will stand lose it, but the both of them (Morris & Maisto, 1999, p.318) This has something to do with Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. What will happen here is to make the threat of losing years of hard work and establishment of a career in one institution to end up in disgrace because then, the two should have been dismissed for the trouble they brought to the whole department. In Maslow’s theory, if everything that mattered to any of them is pulled under them, then they will think deep with how they will have to make compromises in order that their source of livelihood (Maslow’s first level Physiological needs) will be at stake. Secondly, when their sense of esteem is also threatened, then they will be pushed to think through with pulling down not only each other, but also the others in the workplace (Morris & Maisto, 1999, p.317) A sense of acceptance for many pervades whenever clashes between people who seemed to be influential, quite strong and resistive to advices, and who have made up their minds as to the recourse they were taking. It is to understand that people have what psychology calls as Aggression motive. Some experts on human behavior look at this particular trait or behavior as an inherent force within people that is intended to be redirected to more positive or beneficial outcomes (Morris & Maisto, 1999, p.319) Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Essentially, the role of motivation in a person’s life is crucial to the understanding of human activities. Motivation is never static because in life, there always presents a dynamic and changing pattern of needs. Internal and external motivation provides in brief, an astute way of explaining the â€Å"why’s† of people’s behaviors. No wonder then, that in general, educators handle pupils or learners in the light of this ideation.   Bibliography Atkinson, Rita L., Richard C. Atkinson, and Ernest R. Hilgard. 1983. Introduction to Psychology. 8th ed., New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. Das, Enny Henrica Helena Johanna . 2001. How fear Appeals Work: motivational biases in the processing of fear-arousing health communications. www.library.uu.nl/digiarchief/dip/diss/1975035/inhoud.htm. Franken, Robert E. Human Motivation, 6th ed. King, N. 1970. Clarification and evaluation of the two-factor theory of job satisfaction. Psychological Bulletin, 74, 18-31. Lazaro, P. M. Palma, BB. Azcona, P. Cardona, N. Chinchilla, 2000. From individual motivation to organizational compensation: the physician’s perspective. Annu Meet Int Soc Technol Assess Health Care Int Soc Technol Assess Health Care Meet. 2000; 16: 224. Health Services Research Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; International School of Business, Barcelona, Spain. Accessed September 21, 2007 http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/MeetingAbstracts/102271882.html Llewellyn, David J. 2003. The Psychology of Risk Taking. Accessed in www.risktaking.co.uk. Marx, Melvin H. 1976. Introduction to Psychology: Problems, Procedures, and Principles. Columbia: Collier MacMillan. Morris, Charles G., Maisto, Albert A., 1999. Understanding Psychology.4th ed., Prentice Hall: New Jersey, pp.315-316. Random House Webster’s Dictionary. 2001. 4th Ed., Ballantine Books, New York. Sandman, Peter M., JoAnn M.Valenti. 1986. Scared Stiff – or Scared into Action..   Ã‚   Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.New York. P.12-16 accessed in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   www.psandman.com Smith, Ronald E., Sarason, I.G., and Sarason, B.R. 1982. Psychology: The Frontiers of Behavior.2nd Ed. New York: Harper and Row Publishers. ______ . 2007. Employee motivation, the organizational environment and productivity. ACCEL. Accessed Sept. 21, 2007 _______. 2007. Organizational Motivation. Chapter 4.Accessed Sept. 21, 2007.

Intelligence Community

In evaluating and analyzing the US Intelligence Committee, it would help to look back in history. The Cold War, which emerged in the 1940’s, was the start of the usefulness of the US Intelligence Community in battling against Communism.The result of the Second World War is like glue attached to each country involved therein. By 1943, the effects thereof were already inevitable. Germany, who was the leader of the Axis power, was dealt with full anger. Allied forces became stronger when German invaded Russia.Further, Japan and Germany were continuing then their battle and spread their powers in Europe and Asia. But the suicide of Adolf Hitler around 1945 ended the war. Germany was divided into two—West Germany was invaded by Americans while East Germany was invaded by Russia. This led to tension and anxiety between citizens of Germany. Because of this division, each invader-country practiced their type of economy to their colony.Hence, in West Germany, Capitalist form of economy and East Germany under Russia practiced Communism. After the World War, decolonization and liberation happened to some nations who suffered. These nations as they rise from the battleground seek help especially in their economic status. This situation was taken advantage by Capitalists and Communists powers (Borade, 2009). The US Intelligence Community became popular towards the end of Cold War period. Intelligence is at most the responsibility of the government.But in America, they always connect the success of their Intelligence Community during the Cold War era.   On January 22, 1946, President Truman, due to the lessons learned in Pearl Harbor, created National Intelligence Authority. This group is in-charge of planning the executing the intelligence activities of the country. Under the National Intelligence Authority is the Central Intelligence Group is responsible for disseminating the intelligence activities.The first assignment of CIA was battling against Society Union who is spreading its Communist powers worldwide. During 1950’s and 1960’s, CIA gained its full development. On 1950’s, National Security Agency, under the Department of Defense was created which assumes the some tasks of CIA and military.During the 1960’s a lot of technological advances happened to C IA. As an example, in 1965, the military departments were given the new Defense Attache System. This system includes military men in uniform researching information that will be useful in the military. Other technological advances in the CIA of the Military are: (1) high-speed aircraft and; (2) SR-71. Around 1970, a big reform was made in the Intelligence Community under the presidency of Richard Nixon.A Schlesinger report was made in 1971 and the said report mentioned that the Intelligence Community is already malfunctioning due to its disorganization. For example, the Intelligence Community according to the report was doing redundant activities and these activities were costly. Because of these findings in the report, President Nixon directed the Intelligence Community to manage its budget properly and oversee the execution of projects and activities.After the election of President Bush around in the 1990’s, there are suggestions on how to improve the Intelligence Community . This is also because of several things that happened during that time, especially the end of Cold War. Because of this there were calls for the destruction of Intelligence Community. Some legislators said there is no more need for Intelligence Community. But the Congress proposed that instead, a new structure of the Intelligence Community and across the board reductions in the personnel would be better. (Zegart, 2007). Along with the creation and development of Us Intelligence Community is the US Department of Defense. In 1775, during the American Revolution, US Army, US Marine Corps and US navy were established. Hence, around 1789, the War Department was established.The War Department is what we now called the Department of Defense. Technically, Department of Defense was created in 1947. This was created with the belief that it will regain the trust given to military, which was destroyed during the Second World War. As the new millennium came, new issues were faced by the Department o Defense.Dominant among these issues is the use of budget by the said department. The US Government Accountability Office suggested in 2002, that Department of Defense perhaps should try to partner with other government agencies to minimize their budget.In battling against Communism, CIA has the biggest stake around the world. Communism is like a contagious disease that is growing and spreading throughout the world.An d the CIA has made several steps on war against communism even at the start of the Cold War. Some intellectuals who are exposed to the age of Nazism and Soviet Communism have different views and interpretations about communism. Despite Germany's commitment to democratic reconstruction in the postwar years, its link to liberal and democratic values is weak. Both Nazism and Communisms as intellectuals say promised a new humanity and a new world order.They were examples of what is called utopian thinking. Utopianism assumes a level of social harmony and moral consensus that renders conflict and change abnormal or deviant. Utopias promote, often unwittingly, a hostile attitude towards individualism, pluralism and change. This is also what CIA promises to the people and the reason why they are doing their job. This is the rational behind their series of activities against Communism which started during the Cold War until the present time.

Essay on Executive Skills

Essay on Executive Skills Essay on Executive Skills Essay on Executive SkillsThere are millions of organizations all over the world nowadays. They all have various aims, financial support, forms of ownership and so on. However they all have one feature in common, namely there is a need to build the structure of any organization, in order to guarantee its proper functioning. The term â€Å"organization chart† was used at the beginning of the twentieth century for the first time. Since that moment, all organizations started to apply organization chart with the aim of subdivision of the organization into smaller constituent parts, which sufficiently simplifies the process of work organization as well as control of work fulfillment. The general definition of the term â€Å"organization chart† states, that this is a â€Å"diagram that shows the structure of an organization and the relationships and relative ranks of its parts and positions/jobs† (Kaliski, 2001: 3). Thus in this paper the issues, related to the organiza tion structure and organization chart will be discussed; separate attention will be paid to the importance of the organizational structure and its major characteristics and types.  Any type of work or production should be organized in the proper way, in order to guarantee its efficiency and work without standstills, thus organization is always considered to be a vitally important part of the management process. Often organization is considered to be the process and the organizational structure is the result of this process. In other words, the process of organizing enables the best use of the resources and their management, in order to reach the suggested goals. â€Å"The term Organization is derived from the word organism which means a structure of body divided into parts that are held together by a fabric of relationship as one organic whole† (Robbins and Judge, 2007: 69). There are usually a lot of people, working in one company, they are united into some departments, ea ch of them is working in some concrete sphere. However, the general goals of the company can be reached only under the condition, that every worker, every department is able to fulfill the necessary function, and then as the result to reach the set goals. In order to coordinate their work and combine their effort, organization structure is needed. Organization is responsible for administration, direction and control of the work performance. In order to achieve the needed goals, based on the available materials and human resources, the proper organization should guarantee their correct usage, and avoiding of wastage. Still all the companies are different, thus they need different types of organizations, corresponding to the concrete tasks and type of work, number of workers and so on. This is done first of all with the help of creation of the organization chart, which is â€Å"a diagram showing graphically the relation of one official to another, or others, of a company† (Mile s and Snow, 1992: 13). Also it is used for establishing relations between various departments for the sake of their successful functioning. Some huge organizations are split into several charts for convenience. Some concrete form of making the organization chart was not worked, it is important to put the head department on the top and the rest should be below correspondingly to their positions and their ranks. For better visualization, the names of the departments or concrete persons are put in boxes or circles. With the help of usual direct lines it is possible to show the relations between departments and positions.Some of the reasons, why creating of the organization is important were already mentioned. Still it is necessary to list all of them.   There are usually a lot of people working at any company, all of them performing certain concrete activities in relation to their position, their educational basis and their work experience. Organization in this case could guarantee t hat each worker is performing the appropriate function. At the same time it is really important not only for individual workers, but also for all departments to perform their functions in the most coordinated system, balancing correctly all the resources and energy. Organization also contributes to better division of the work between workers and their managers and top managers, as it is always important to delegate the routine duties to the workers, leaving the top managers to solve more sophisticated problems. Proper organization provides the chances for all workers and managers, at all levels, to increase their creativity and continue their self- development and self- realization, which is really important for quicker and more productive performance of each individual worker as well as the company in general. â€Å"Effective administration of business will not be possible without the support of sound organization structure. Delegation, departmentation and decentralization are the tools for effective administration† (Robbins and Judge, 2007: 72). Only under the condition, that every worker is fully aware of his responsibility, it is possible to seize control over the work done and have it performed in the best possible way. Organization is one of the tools, which could be used by the manager to describe the level of responsibility to each worker and be sure, that they have absolute understanding of it.In case there are various technologies and equipment involved into the operating process of the company, there is a need to keep them in constant order and under constant control. So, organization helps to create the scheme of proper maintenance and installation process for the necessary equipment.It was already mentioned above, that there are several types of organizations, the main are: line, functional, line and staff organization structure. Line organization is sometimes referred to as military/scalar organization and is considered to be one of the fi rst and thus the simplest form of organization. Its second name, related to army is explained by the fact, that for the first time it appeared during the times, when the Roman army was formed, and afterwards it was used by other armies in various countries. Some time later, when the first factories started to appear in England, this form of organization was also used by the owners. The structure of the line organization is rather simple, because the authority is moving from the top level to the low levels step by step. Sometimes this form is called vertical organization because of this feature. The top management is responsible for taking all important decisions and for giving the corresponding orders to the general managers, whose task is to pass them to the executive departments of the company. The responsibility in such organization form is moving from the lowest level to the top management. This type of organization is rather old, however due to its advantages is still in use no wadays. First of all it is simple and easy to understand by all workers, both by managers and their subordinates and causes no questions related to authority. The process of decision – making is simple at all levels. Discipline is also supported by this type of organization, because it is absolutely clear, how the system of authority is built. Line type of organization provides all chances for further development to talented and experienced workers.Another type of organization is functional, suggested by the founder of scientific management – F.W. Tailor. â€Å"According to him, it is unscientific to overload a foramen with the entire responsibility of running a department† (Robbins and Judge, 2007: 74). In his organization he involved eight foremen, who would bear the responsibility for directing and controlling of the work process. Other workers are to follow all the instructions, given by the foremen. Taylor suggested dividing the management in accordance to concrete specialization. For example there is sales’ manager and sales department in his subordination, this means, that each manager and his department are working within the limits of his area of authority and responsibility. Nowadays a lot of big companies and production enterprises are applying exactly this type of organization, because it allows putting the narrow specialists to the proper positions, guaranteeing the best efficiency of their work fulfilled.   At the same time, each of the eight managers is responsible for his concrete sphere of work and this provides all possibilities to him to concentrate better on the concrete tasks and problems.The line and organization structure is based on the principle that â€Å"line executives and staff (specialists) are combined together. The line executives are doers whereas staff refers to experts and act as thinkers† (Miles and Snow, 1992: 29). Execution of the plans and policies of the company in this organization s tructure is the task of the line executives. All the research activities belong to the spheres of staff workers’ responsibility. Staff specialists are regarded â€Å"thinkers† and the line executives – â€Å"the ones who execute† their plans. For such organization it is really important to make the concrete border between line and staff workers and their functions and be sure, that these functions are evident to both groups, otherwise, instead of mutually efficient cooperation there will be conflicts and standstills. It is important to make all the workers realize, that staff and line functions are absolutely different, at the same time mutually supportive and only proper fulfillment of both could guarantee the successful work of the company in general.All types of organization usually are supported by the organization charts. George Terry defined the organization chart as â€Å"a diagrammatical form which shows important aspects of an Organization, incl uding the major functions and their respective relationships, the channels of supervision and the relative authority of each employee who is in-charge of each respective function (Miles and Snow, 1992: 32). Thus in other words, the organizational chart is the diagrammatical presentation of the formal structure of the organization. It is possible to trace of the lines of authority and communication channels with the help of it, as well as receive the clear understanding of the supervision among various company departments and units. There are three types of organization charts: vertical, horizontal, departmental and circular charts. Vertical chart is one of the most popular ones, it represents the highest jobs on the top and step by step goes down to the other jobs. The lines of authority and lines of communication contribute to better understanding of the way, how these jobs coexist with each other. Horizontal chart – is the representation of the organizational structure in t he form of pyramid. (Miles and Snow, 1992: 35). Circular chart presents the top management in the center of a circle, whereas other levels are placed in concentric circles. Finally the departmental chart is created for one concrete department, defining the authority levels and the responsibilities within this department only.The organization charts play important role for operating of any company, because they provide the understanding by all managers of the positions of authorities and relationships within the organization structure. Organization charts also contribute to better contribution of the tasks and responsibilities between workers of the company, avoiding doing double work and overlapping of the functions. The availability of the manpower and other resources could be clearly understood with the help of the organization chart. In cases, when some mistakes are made, it also contributes to understanding of the reasons for these mistakes as well as helps to work out the furth er plan to avoid them in the future.Overall, this paper presents a brief explanation of the notions of organizational structure and organization chart; there is a list of reasons explored, explaining, why application of the organizational structure is so important for proper functioning of any company and organization. The main types of the organizational structure were discussed in relation to the better work organization within each concrete company, depending on the number of workers, number of departments, fields of production or operating and so on. Further the definition along with short description of the notion â€Å"organization chart† is provided, discussing in detail the types of the organization charts and their characteristics. Essay on Executive Skills Essay on Executive Skills Essay on Executive SkillsThere are millions of organizations all over the world nowadays. They all have various aims, financial support, forms of ownership and so on. However they all have one feature in common, namely there is a need to build the structure of any organization, in order to guarantee its proper functioning. The term â€Å"organization chart† was used at the beginning of the twentieth century for the first time. Since that moment, all organizations started to apply organization chart with the aim of subdivision of the organization into smaller constituent parts, which sufficiently simplifies the process of work organization as well as control of work fulfillment. The general definition of the term â€Å"organization chart† states, that this is a â€Å"diagram that shows the structure of an organization and the relationships and relative ranks of its parts and positions/jobs† (Kaliski, 2001: 3). Thus in this paper the issues, related to the organiza tion structure and organization chart will be discussed; separate attention will be paid to the importance of the organizational structure and its major characteristics and types.  Any type of work or production should be organized in the proper way, in order to guarantee its efficiency and work without standstills, thus organization is always considered to be a vitally important part of the management process. Often organization is considered to be the process and the organizational structure is the result of this process. In other words, the process of organizing enables the best use of the resources and their management, in order to reach the suggested goals. â€Å"The term Organization is derived from the word organism which means a structure of body divided into parts that are held together by a fabric of relationship as one organic whole† (Robbins and Judge, 2007: 69). There are usually a lot of people, working in one company, they are united into some departments, ea ch of them is working in some concrete sphere. However, the general goals of the company can be reached only under the condition, that every worker, every department is able to fulfill the necessary function, and then as the result to reach the set goals. In order to coordinate their work and combine their effort, organization structure is needed. Organization is responsible for administration, direction and control of the work performance. In order to achieve the needed goals, based on the available materials and human resources, the proper organization should guarantee their correct usage, and avoiding of wastage. Still all the companies are different, thus they need different types of organizations, corresponding to the concrete tasks and type of work, number of workers and so on. This is done first of all with the help of creation of the organization chart, which is â€Å"a diagram showing graphically the relation of one official to another, or others, of a company† (Mile s and Snow, 1992: 13). Also it is used for establishing relations between various departments for the sake of their successful functioning. Some huge organizations are split into several charts for convenience. Some concrete form of making the organization chart was not worked, it is important to put the head department on the top and the rest should be below correspondingly to their positions and their ranks. For better visualization, the names of the departments or concrete persons are put in boxes or circles. With the help of usual direct lines it is possible to show the relations between departments and positions.Some of the reasons, why creating of the organization is important were already mentioned. Still it is necessary to list all of them.   There are usually a lot of people working at any company, all of them performing certain concrete activities in relation to their position, their educational basis and their work experience. Organization in this case could guarantee t hat each worker is performing the appropriate function. At the same time it is really important not only for individual workers, but also for all departments to perform their functions in the most coordinated system, balancing correctly all the resources and energy. Organization also contributes to better division of the work between workers and their managers and top managers, as it is always important to delegate the routine duties to the workers, leaving the top managers to solve more sophisticated problems. Proper organization provides the chances for all workers and managers, at all levels, to increase their creativity and continue their self- development and self- realization, which is really important for quicker and more productive performance of each individual worker as well as the company in general. â€Å"Effective administration of business will not be possible without the support of sound organization structure. Delegation, departmentation and decentralization are the tools for effective administration† (Robbins and Judge, 2007: 72). Only under the condition, that every worker is fully aware of his responsibility, it is possible to seize control over the work done and have it performed in the best possible way. Organization is one of the tools, which could be used by the manager to describe the level of responsibility to each worker and be sure, that they have absolute understanding of it.In case there are various technologies and equipment involved into the operating process of the company, there is a need to keep them in constant order and under constant control. So, organization helps to create the scheme of proper maintenance and installation process for the necessary equipment.It was already mentioned above, that there are several types of organizations, the main are: line, functional, line and staff organization structure. Line organization is sometimes referred to as military/scalar organization and is considered to be one of the fi rst and thus the simplest form of organization. Its second name, related to army is explained by the fact, that for the first time it appeared during the times, when the Roman army was formed, and afterwards it was used by other armies in various countries. Some time later, when the first factories started to appear in England, this form of organization was also used by the owners. The structure of the line organization is rather simple, because the authority is moving from the top level to the low levels step by step. Sometimes this form is called vertical organization because of this feature. The top management is responsible for taking all important decisions and for giving the corresponding orders to the general managers, whose task is to pass them to the executive departments of the company. The responsibility in such organization form is moving from the lowest level to the top management. This type of organization is rather old, however due to its advantages is still in use no wadays. First of all it is simple and easy to understand by all workers, both by managers and their subordinates and causes no questions related to authority. The process of decision – making is simple at all levels. Discipline is also supported by this type of organization, because it is absolutely clear, how the system of authority is built. Line type of organization provides all chances for further development to talented and experienced workers.Another type of organization is functional, suggested by the founder of scientific management – F.W. Tailor. â€Å"According to him, it is unscientific to overload a foramen with the entire responsibility of running a department† (Robbins and Judge, 2007: 74). In his organization he involved eight foremen, who would bear the responsibility for directing and controlling of the work process. Other workers are to follow all the instructions, given by the foremen. Taylor suggested dividing the management in accordance to concrete specialization. For example there is sales’ manager and sales department in his subordination, this means, that each manager and his department are working within the limits of his area of authority and responsibility. Nowadays a lot of big companies and production enterprises are applying exactly this type of organization, because it allows putting the narrow specialists to the proper positions, guaranteeing the best efficiency of their work fulfilled.   At the same time, each of the eight managers is responsible for his concrete sphere of work and this provides all possibilities to him to concentrate better on the concrete tasks and problems.The line and organization structure is based on the principle that â€Å"line executives and staff (specialists) are combined together. The line executives are doers whereas staff refers to experts and act as thinkers† (Miles and Snow, 1992: 29). Execution of the plans and policies of the company in this organization s tructure is the task of the line executives. All the research activities belong to the spheres of staff workers’ responsibility. Staff specialists are regarded â€Å"thinkers† and the line executives – â€Å"the ones who execute† their plans. For such organization it is really important to make the concrete border between line and staff workers and their functions and be sure, that these functions are evident to both groups, otherwise, instead of mutually efficient cooperation there will be conflicts and standstills. It is important to make all the workers realize, that staff and line functions are absolutely different, at the same time mutually supportive and only proper fulfillment of both could guarantee the successful work of the company in general.All types of organization usually are supported by the organization charts. George Terry defined the organization chart as â€Å"a diagrammatical form which shows important aspects of an Organization, incl uding the major functions and their respective relationships, the channels of supervision and the relative authority of each employee who is in-charge of each respective function (Miles and Snow, 1992: 32). Thus in other words, the organizational chart is the diagrammatical presentation of the formal structure of the organization. It is possible to trace of the lines of authority and communication channels with the help of it, as well as receive the clear understanding of the supervision among various company departments and units. There are three types of organization charts: vertical, horizontal, departmental and circular charts. Vertical chart is one of the most popular ones, it represents the highest jobs on the top and step by step goes down to the other jobs. The lines of authority and lines of communication contribute to better understanding of the way, how these jobs coexist with each other. Horizontal chart – is the representation of the organizational structure in t he form of pyramid. (Miles and Snow, 1992: 35). Circular chart presents the top management in the center of a circle, whereas other levels are placed in concentric circles. Finally the departmental chart is created for one concrete department, defining the authority levels and the responsibilities within this department only.The organization charts play important role for operating of any company, because they provide the understanding by all managers of the positions of authorities and relationships within the organization structure. Organization charts also contribute to better contribution of the tasks and responsibilities between workers of the company, avoiding doing double work and overlapping of the functions. The availability of the manpower and other resources could be clearly understood with the help of the organization chart. In cases, when some mistakes are made, it also contributes to understanding of the reasons for these mistakes as well as helps to work out the furth er plan to avoid them in the future.Overall, this paper presents a brief explanation of the notions of organizational structure and organization chart; there is a list of reasons explored, explaining, why application of the organizational structure is so important for proper functioning of any company and organization. The main types of the organizational structure were discussed in relation to the better work organization within each concrete company, depending on the number of workers, number of departments, fields of production or operating and so on. Further the definition along with short description of the notion â€Å"organization chart† is provided, discussing in detail the types of the organization charts and their characteristics.